Chronic opioid use and addiction can lead to more severe and persistent health problems, including:
- Physical Dependence and Withdrawal: The body adapts to the presence of opioids, leading to severe withdrawal symptoms if use is stopped or reduced. More severe symptoms may include muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold chills with goosebumps (commonly called “cold turkey”), and uncontrollable leg movements.
- Increased Tolerance: An opioid user may find themselves needing increasingly larger doses of the opioid to achieve the desired effects, significantly increasing their risk of overdose.
- Hyperalgesia: Ironically, long-term opioid use can sometimes lead to increased sensitivity to pain.
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Chronic constipation can lead to more severe problems, such as bowel obstruction.
- Liver Damage: This is a particular risk for people taking opioids combined with acetaminophen, taken in high doses.
- Brain Damage: Due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) from repeated respiratory depression or overdose, people may experience impaired decision-making, self-control, and emotional regulation.
- Infectious Diseases: For individuals who inject opioids like heroin, the risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis C, and other blood-borne infections through shared needles can be very high. Bacterial infections may also develop in the skin, bloodstream, and heart valves.
- Mental Health Disorders: Opioid addiction often co-occurs with and can exacerbate the symptoms of mental health conditions like depression disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.
- Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Examples of this include sleep apnea.
- Sexual Dysfunction: This can include decreased libido and infertility in both men and women.
- Malnutrition: This may occur due to poor diet and appetite suppression due to opioids.
- Social and Economic Consequences: Damaged relationships, job loss, financial ruin, homelessness, and involvement with the criminal justice system can have far-reaching impacts on a person’s life.
- Overdose and Death: This is the most severe long-term risk, especially with the increasing prevalence of highly potent synthetic opioids like fentanyl (sometimes added to opioids without the user’s knowledge).
Addressing these effects of opioid overdose requires comprehensive opioid addiction treatment that focuses not only on cessation of drug use, but also the healing of physical and psychological damage caused by addiction. Comprehensive treatment of this type usually lead to better outcomes and lower rates of relapse.